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What Is Tonga Climate What Are Some Animals In Tonga

Written By Tuesday, July 5, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Country in the South Pacific

Coordinates: 20°Southward 175°W  /  20°South 175°W  / -20; -175

Kingdom of Tonga

Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga (Tongan)

Flag of Tonga

Flag

Coat of arms of Tonga

Coat of arms
Motto:" Ko e ʻOtua mo Tonga ko hoku tofiʻa "
"God and Tonga are my inheritance"
Anthem: " Ko e fasi Ê»o e tuÊ»i Ê»o east Ê»Otu Tonga "
"Song of the Male monarch of the Tongan Islands"
Location of Tonga
Uppercase

and largest city

 Nukuʻalofa
21°08′S 175°12′West  /  21.133°S 175.200°West  / -21.133; -175.200
Official languages
  • English
  • Tongan
Ethnic groups

(2018[1])
  • 97% Tongan
  • 0.7% Euronesians
  • 2.3% Others
Religion

(2011)[2] [3]

  • 98% Christianity
  • —54% Methodism
  • —eighteen% Mormonism
  • —fifteen% Catholicism
  • —11% Other Christian
  • one% No religion
  • 1% Others
Demonym(s) Tongan
Regime Unitary parliamentary semi-ramble monarchy

• Monarch

Tupou VI

• Prime Minister

Siaosi Sovaleni

• Assembly Speaker

Fatafehi Fakafanua
Legislature Legislative Associates
Independence

from the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland

• Independence alleged

4 June 1970
Area

• Full

 748 km2 (289 sq mi) (175th)

• H2o (%)

 4.0
Population

• 2021 demography

 100,209[4] (199th)

• Density

 139/km2 (360.0/sq mi) (76tha)
GDP(PPP) 2019 estimate

• Total

 $655 meg

• Per capita

 $6,496[5]
GDP(nominal) 2019 estimate

• Full

 $493 1000000

• Per capita

 $4,888[5]
Gini(2015) Steady 37.6[6]
medium
HDI(2019) Increase 0.725[7]
high  · 104th
Currency Paʻanga (Superlative)
Time zone UTC+13
Driving side left
Calling code +676
ISO 3166 code TO
Cyberspace TLD .to
  1. Based on 2005 figures.

Tonga (,[8] ;[nine] Tongan: [ˈtoŋa] [x]) officially named the Kingdom of Tonga (Tongan: PuleÊ»anga FakatuÊ»i Ê»o Tonga), is a Polynesian country and also an archipelago consisting of 169 islands, of which 36 are inhabited.[1] The total area of the archipelago is most 750 km2 (290 sq mi), scattered over 700,000 kmtwo (270,000 sq mi) of the southern Pacific Bounding main. As of 2021, co-ordinate to Johnson's Tribune, Tonga has a population of 104,494,[xi] [12] [thirteen] lxx% of whom reside on the main isle, Tongatapu. The country stretches approximately 800 km (500 mi) northward-south. It is surrounded by Republic of the fiji islands and Territory of the wallis and futuna islands (France) to the northwest; Samoa to the northeast; New Caledonia (France) and Vanuatu to the west; Niue (the nearest strange territory) to the due east; and Kermadec (New Zealand) to the southwest. Tonga is about one,800 km (1,100 mi) from New Zealand's North Island.

First inhabited roughly 2,500 years agone by the Lapita civilization, Tonga's Polynesian settlers gradually evolved a distinct and potent indigenous identity, language, and civilization as the Tongan people. They were quick to plant a powerful footing across the South Pacific, and this period of Tongan expansionism and colonization is known as the Tuʻi Tonga Empire. From the rule of the first Tongan king, ʻAhoʻeitu, Tonga grew into a regional superpower. Information technology was a thalassocracy that conquered and controlled unprecedented swathes of the Pacific, from parts of the Solomon Islands and the whole of New Caledonia and Fiji in the due west to Samoa and Niue and even equally far as parts of modern-twenty-four hour period French Polynesia in the east. Tuʻi Tonga became renowned for its economic, ethnic, and cultural influence over the Pacific, which remained stiff even after the Samoan revolution of the 13th century and Europeans' discovery of the islands in 1616.[14]

From 1900 to 1970, Tonga had British protected-state status. The United Kingdom looked afterward Tonga's foreign affairs under a Treaty of Friendship, but Tonga never relinquished its sovereignty to any foreign power. In 2010, Tonga took a decisive step away from its traditional absolute monarchy and became a fully performance ramble monarchy, after legislative reforms paved the manner for its showtime partial representative elections.

Etymology [edit]

In many Polynesian languages, including Tongan, the word tonga comes from fakatonga, which ways "southwards", and the archipelago is and so named because it is the southernmost group amid the isle groups of central Polynesia.[15] The word tonga is cognate to the Hawaiian word "kona", significant "leeward", which is the origin of the proper name for the Kona District in Hawai'i.[sixteen]

Tonga became known in the Due west as the "Friendly Islands" because of the congenial reception accorded to Captain James Cook on his start visit in 1773. He arrived at the time of the annual ʻinasi festival, which centres on the donation of the Showtime Fruits to the Tuʻi Tonga (the islands' monarch), so he received an invitation to the festivities. Ironically, according to the writer William Mariner, the political leaders actually wanted to kill Cook during the gathering, simply did non become through with it considering they could not concur on a plan of activeness for accomplishing it.[17]

History [edit]

According to mythology, the demigod Maui drew upward a group of islands from the sea, first appearing Lofanga, the Ha'apai Islands and Vava'u, integrating into what became modern-twenty-four hours Tonga.[ citation needed ]

An Austronesian-speaking group linked to what archaeologists call the Lapita cultural circuitous reached from Fiji, Samoa and and then inhabited Tonga former between 1500 and 1000 BC.[xviii] Scholars still debate exactly when Tonga was first settled, but thorium dating confirms that settlers had arrived in the earliest known inhabited boondocks, Nukuleka, by 888 BC, ± 8 years.[19] Tonga's precontact history was shared via oral history, which was passed downward from generation to generation.

Past the 12th century, Tongans and the Tongan monarch, the TuÊ»i Tonga, had caused a reputation across the central Pacific – from Niue, Samoa, Rotuma, Wallis & Futuna, New Caledonia to Tikopia, leading some historians to speak of a TuÊ»i Tonga Empire having existed during that period. Civil wars are known to take occurred in Tonga in the 15th and 17th centuries.

William Mariner was a teenaged English sailor adopted into a royal Tongan family.

The Tongan people starting time encountered Europeans in 1616, when the Dutch vessel Eendracht, captained past Willem Schouten, made a short visit to the islands for the purpose of engaging in trade. Subsequently, other Dutch explorers arrived, including Jacob Le Maire (who visited the northern island of Niuatoputapu); and Abel Tasman (who visited Tongatapu and Haʻapai) in 1643. Subsequently noteworthy European visitors included James Cook, of the British Purple Navy, in 1773, 1774, and 1777; Spanish Navy explorers Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa in 1781; Alessandro Malaspina in 1793; the first London missionaries in 1797; and a Wesleyan Methodist minister, Reverend Walter Lawry, in 1822.

Whaling vessels were among the earliest regular Western visitors. The showtime of these on record is the Ann and Hope, which was reported to take been seen among the islands of Tonga in June 1799.[20] The last known whaling visitor was the Albatross in 1899. That ship arrived in Tonga seeking a resupply of water, food, and wood. The islands most regularly visited past Westerners were Ata, 'Eua, Ha'apai, Tongatapu and Vava'u. Sometimes, Tongan men were recruited to serve as crewmen on these vessels. The United States Exploring Expedition visited Tonga in 1840.[21]

In 1845, an aggressive young Tongan warrior, strategist, and orator named Tāufaʻāhau united Tonga into a kingdom. He held the chiefly title of Tuʻi Kanokupolu, but had been baptised by Methodist missionaries with the proper name Siaosi ("George") in 1831. In 1875, with the help of missionary Shirley Waldemar Baker, he alleged Tonga a ramble monarchy; formally adopted the Western royal style; emancipated the "serfs"; enshrined a code of police force, state tenure, and freedom of the press; and limited the power of the chiefs.[ citation needed ]

Tonga became a protected country under a Treaty of Friendship with Britain on 18 May 1900, when European settlers and rival Tongan chiefs unsuccessfully tried to oust the human who had succeeded Tāufaʻāhau every bit king. The treaty posted no higher permanent representative on Tonga than a British consul (1901–1970). Under the protection of United kingdom, Tonga maintained its sovereignty, and remained the just Pacific nation to retain its monarchical government. The Tongan monarchy follows an uninterrupted succession of hereditary rulers from ane family.[22]

The 1918 flu pandemic, brought to Tonga by a ship from New Zealand, killed ane,800 Tongans, a mortality rate of about viii%.[23]

The Treaty of Friendship and Tonga's protection status ended in 1970 under arrangements that had been established past Tonga's Queen Salote Tupou Three before her death in 1965. Owing to its British ties, Tonga joined the Commonwealth in 1970 (atypically as a land that had its own monarch, rather than having the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland'southward monarch, along with Malaysia, Lesotho, and Eswatini). Tonga became a fellow member of the Un in September 1999.[24] While exposed to colonial pressures, Tonga has always governed itself, which makes it unique in the Pacific.[25]

In January 2022, the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai volcano, 65 km (twoscore mi) n of the main island of Tongatapu, erupted, causing a tsunami which inundated parts of the archipelago, including the capital NukuÊ»alofa. The eruption affected the kingdom heavily, cutting off most communications,[26] and killing four people in Tonga, including a British national who ran an beast shelter and died trying to salve her dogs.[27] In Peru, two women drowned due to abnormal tsunami waves.[28] It took around five weeks to repair a submarine fiber optic cable used in the Tonga Cable System for Internet and phone connectivity.[29] Business magnate Elon Musk directed his company SpaceX to provide emergency Internet services to households remaining under blackout, via a Starlink satellite infrastructure network based in neighbouring Fiji.[30] [31]

Politics [edit]

King George, of the Friendly Islands (1852)[32]

Tonga is a ramble monarchy. It is the merely remaining indigenous monarchy in the Pacific islands (come across also Hawaiʻi). Reverence for the monarch replaces that held in earlier centuries for the sacred paramount chief, the Tuʻi Tonga. Criticism of the monarch is held to exist contrary to Tongan culture and etiquette. Tonga provides for its citizens a complimentary and mandatory pedagogy for all, secondary teaching with but nominal fees, and foreign-funded scholarships for postsecondary teaching.

The prodemocracy movement in Tonga promotes reforms, including better representation in the Parliament for the majority of commoners, and better accountability in matters of state. An overthrow of the monarchy is not part of the motility, and the establishment of monarchy continues to agree popular support, even while reforms are advocated. Until recently, the governance issue was generally ignored by the leaders of other countries, but major aid donors and neighbours New Zealand and Australia are now expressing concerns about some Tongan government actions.

Post-obit the precedents of Queen Sālote and the counsel of numerous international advisors, the government of Tonga nether Rex Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV (reigned 1965–2006) monetised the economy, internationalised the medical and education systems, and enabled admission by commoners to increasing forms of material wealth (houses, cars, and other commodities), education, and overseas travel.

Male homosexuality is illegal in Tonga,[33] with a maximum penalty of 10 years' imprisonment.[34] Tongans have universal access to a national wellness intendance organisation. The Constitution of Tonga protects land ownership; land cannot be sold to foreigners (although information technology may exist leased).[35]

Political culture [edit]

King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou 4 and his government made some problematic economic decisions and were defendant by democracy activists, including onetime prime minister Ê»Akilisi Pōhiva, of wasting millions of dollars on unwise investments. The problems have generally been driven by attempts to increment national revenue through a variety of schemes – considering making Tonga a nuclear waste disposal site (an idea floated in the mid 1990s by the electric current crown prince);[36] and selling Tongan Protected Persons Passports (which eventually forced Tonga to naturalise the purchasers, sparking ethnicity-based concerns inside Tonga).[37]

Schemes as well included the registering of foreign ships (which proved to exist engaged in illegal activities, including shipments for al-Qaeda);[38] claiming geo-orbital satellite slots (the acquirement from which seems to vest to the Princess Royal, not the state);[39] holding a long-term charter on an unusable Boeing 757 that was sidelined in Auckland Drome, leading to the plummet of Royal Tongan Airlines;[40] and approving a factory for exporting cigarettes to China (against the communication of Tongan medical officials, and decades of health promotion messaging).[41]

The rex proved vulnerable to speculators with big promises and lost reportedly U.s.$26 million to Jesse Bogdonoff, a financial adviser who called himself the king'south courtroom jester. The police imprisoned prodemocracy leaders, and the government repeatedly confiscated the newspaper The Tongan Times (printed in New Zealand and sold in Tonga) because the editor had been vocally critical of the rex's mistakes.[42] Notably, the KeleÊ»a, produced specifically to critique the authorities and printed in Tonga by prodemocracy leader Ê»Akilisi Pōhiva, was not banned during that fourth dimension. Pōhiva, notwithstanding, had been subjected to harassment in the form of barratry (frequent lawsuits).[43]

In mid-2003, the government passed a radical ramble amendment to "Tonganize" the printing, by licensing and limiting freedom of the press, so as to protect the prototype of the monarchy. The amendment was defended past the government and past royalists on the basis of traditional cultural values. Licensure criteria include 80% ownership by Tongans living in the country. As of Feb 2004[update], those papers denied licenses under the new act included the Taimi Ê»o Tonga (Tongan Times), the KeleÊ»a, and the Matangi Tonga – while those permitted licenses were uniformly church-based or progovernment.

The bill was opposed in the form of a several-thousand-strong protestation march in the uppercase, a telephone call by the Tuʻi Pelehake (a prince, nephew of the king and elected member of parliament) for Australia and other nations to pressure level the Tongan authorities to democratise the electoral arrangement, and a legal writ calling for a judicial investigation of the bill. The latter was supported by some 160 signatures, including seven of the nine elected, "People's Representatives".

The then-Crown Prince Tupoutoʻa and Pilolevu, the Princess Royal, remained generally silent on the outcome. In total, the changes threatened to destabilise the polity, fragment support for the condition quo, and place further pressure on the monarchy.

In 2005, the regime spent several weeks negotiating with striking ceremonious-service workers before reaching a settlement. The civil unrest that ensued was not express to Tonga; protests outside the King's New Zealand residence made headlines.

Prime Minister Prince ʻAhoʻeitu ʻUnuakiʻotonga Tukuʻaho (Lavaka Ata ʻUlukālala) (now Male monarch Tupou Vi) resigned all of a sudden on 11 Feb 2006, and also gave up his other chiffonier portfolios. The elected government minister of labour, Dr Feleti Sevele, replaced him in the interim.

On 5 July 2006, a driver in Menlo Park, California, caused the deaths of Prince Tuʻipelehake ʻUluvalu, his wife, and their commuter. Tuʻipelehake, 55, was the cochairman of the constitutional reform committee, and a nephew of the rex.

Riots in Nukuʻalofa, 2006

The public expected some changes when George Tupou 5 succeeded his male parent in September 2006. On 16 Nov 2006, rioting broke out in the uppercase city of NukuÊ»alofa when it seemed that the parliament would adjourn for the year without having made whatsoever advances in increasing republic in authorities. Pro-democracy activists burned and looted shops, offices, and regime buildings. Equally a outcome, more than lx% of the downtown area was destroyed, and every bit many as 6 people died.[44] The disturbances were ended past action from Tongan Security Forces and troops from New Zealand-led Articulation Job Force.[45]

On 29 July 2008, the Palace announced that King George Tupou 5 would relinquish much of his power and would give up his role in day-to-twenty-four hours governmental affairs to the Prime Minister. The majestic chamberlain said that this was existence done to fix the monarchy for 2010, when virtually of the first parliament would exist elected, and added: "The Sovereign of the simply Polynesian kingdom... is voluntarily surrendering his powers to meet the democratic aspirations of many of his people." The previous week, the government said the king had sold state assets that had contributed to much of the royal family's wealth.[46]

On fifteen March 2012, Rex George Tupou V contracted pneumonia and was brought to Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong. He was later diagnosed with leukaemia. His wellness deteriorated significantly presently thereafter, and he died at 3:15 pm on 18 March 2012.[47] He was succeeded by his brother Tupou Half dozen, who was crowned on four July 2015.[48]

Foreign relations [edit]

Tonga'southward foreign policy as of January 2009[update] was described past Matangi Tonga as "Wait East" – specifically, equally establishing closer diplomatic and economic relations with Asia (which really lies to the north-w of the Pacific kingdom). Equally of 2021, China has attained great influence in Tonga, financing infrastructure projects including a new royal palace, and holding ii thirds of the country's foreign debt.[49]

Tonga retains cordial relations with the United states. Although it remains on good terms with the United Kingdom, the ii countries practise non maintain particularly close relations, and the Britain airtight its High Commission in Tonga in 2006, although the Uk Loftier Committee was re-established in January 2020 after a 14-year absence. Tonga'due south relations with Oceania'due south regional powers, Australia and New Zealand, are good.[50]

Tonga maintains stiff regional ties in the Pacific. It is a full member of the Pacific Islands Forum, the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Committee, the South Pacific Tourism Organisation, the Pacific Regional Surroundings Programme, and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community.

Military [edit]

The Tongan government supported the American "coalition of the willing" activeness in Iraq and deployed 40+ soldiers (as function of an American force) in late 2004. The contingent returned home on 17 Dec 2004.[51] In 2007 a 2d contingent went to Iraq, and 2 more than were sent during 2008 every bit office of connected support for the coalition. Tongan involvement concluded at the stop of 2008 with no reported loss of life.

In 2010, Brigadier General Tauʻaika ʻUtaʻatu, commander of the Tonga Defence Services, signed an agreement in London committing a minimum of 200 troops to co-operate with Britain's International Security Assistance Force in Transitional islamic state of afghanistan. The task completed in April 2014 and the UK presented Operational Service Medals to each of the soldiers involved during a parade held in Tonga.[52]

Tonga has contributed troops and law to the Bougainville conflict in Papua-New Guinea and to the Australian-led RAMSI strength in the Solomon Islands.

Authoritative divisions [edit]

Tonga is subdivided into v authoritative divisions: ʻEua, Haʻapai, Niuas, Tongatapu, and Vavaʻu.[53] [54]

Geography [edit]

Located in Oceania, Tonga is an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, directly south of Samoa and about 2-thirds of the way from Hawai'i to New Zealand. Its 169 islands, 36 of them inhabited,[1] are divided into three main groups – Vava'u, Ha'apai, and Tongatapu – and cover an 800-kilometre (500-mile)-long north–due south line.

The largest island, Tongatapu, on which the majuscule city of NukuÊ»alofa is located, covers 257 square kilometres (99 sq mi). Geologically the Tongan islands are of two types: most have a limestone base of operations formed from uplifted coral formations; others consist of limestone overlaying a volcanic base.

Climate [edit]

Tonga has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with a distinct warm flow (December–April), during which the temperatures rise above 32 °C (89.six °F), and a cooler catamenia (May–November), with temperatures rarely rise above 27 °C (80.vi °F). The temperature and rainfall range from 23 °C (73.four °F) and one,700 mm (66.ix in) on Tongatapu in the s to 27 °C (fourscore.6 °F) and 2,970 mm (116.9 in) on the more northerly islands closer to the Equator.

The average wettest period is around March with on boilerplate 263 mm (10.four in).[55] The average daily humidity is 80%. The highest temperature recorded in Tonga was 35 °C (95 °F) on xi Feb 1979 in Vava'u. The coldest temperature recorded in Tonga was 8.seven °C (47.7 °F) on 8 September 1994 in Fua'amotu. Temperatures of 15 °C (59 °F) or lower are unremarkably measured in the dry flavour and are more than frequent in southern Tonga than in the due north of the island.[56] The tropical cyclone season currently runs from ane November to 30 April, though tropical cyclones can form and touch Tonga outside of the flavor. According to the WorldRiskReport 2021, Tonga ranks third amidst the countries with the highest disaster take chances worldwide – mainly due to the state'south exposure to multiple natural hazards.[57]

Climate data for Nukuʻalofa
Calendar month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32
(ninety) 		32
(xc) 		31
(88) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		28
(82) 		28
(82) 		28
(82) 		28
(82) 		29
(84) 		30
(86) 		31
(88) 		32
(90)
Average loftier °C (°F) 28
(82) 		29
(84) 		28
(82) 		27
(81) 		26
(79) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		27
(81) 		27
(81) 		26
(79)
Daily mean °C (°F) 25
(77) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		21
(70) 		21
(70) 		21
(seventy) 		21
(70) 		22
(72) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		23
(73)
Average low °C (°F) 22
(72) 		22
(72) 		22
(72) 		21
(70) 		20
(68) 		18
(64) 		17
(63) 		xviii
(64) 		17
(63) 		19
(66) 		20
(68) 		twenty
(68) 		xx
(68)
Tape depression °C (°F) 16
(61) 		17
(63) 		15
(59) 		15
(59) 		thirteen
(55) 		xi
(52) 		ten
(50) 		eleven
(52) 		xi
(52) 		12
(54) 		thirteen
(55) 		16
(61) 		ten
(l)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 130
(five.1) 		190
(vii.5) 		210
(viii.iii) 		120
(4.7) 		130
(5.1) 		100
(iii.9) 		100
(three.ix) 		130
(5.i) 		110
(iv.3) 		90
(3.5) 		100
(3.9) 		120
(4.seven) 		1,530
(lx)
Average rainy days 11 xiii 14 12 12 x 10 12 10 10 ten 10 134
Average relative humidity (%) 77 78 79 76 78 77 75 75 74 74 73 75 76
Source: Weatherbase[58]

Environmental [edit]

Tonga contains the Tongan tropical moist forests terrestrial ecoregion.[59]

In Tonga, dating back to Tongan fable, flying bats are considered sacred and are the property of the monarchy. Thus, they are protected and cannot exist harmed or hunted. As a result, flying fox bats have thrived in many of the islands of Tonga.[60] [61]

Wattled honeyeater in Tonga

The bird life of Tonga includes a total of 73 species, of which 2 are endemic; the Tongan whistler and the Tongan megapode. Five species take been introduced past humans, and eight are rare or accidental. Seven species are globally threatened.

Economy [edit]

A proportional representation of Tonga exports, 2019

A Tongan one-cent (seniti taha) coin

Tonga'south economy is characterised by a large nonmonetary sector and a heavy dependence on remittances from the one-half of the country's population who alive abroad (chiefly in Australia, New Zealand, and the Usa). The purple family unit and the nobles boss and largely own the monetary sector of the economy – particularly the telecommunications and satellite services. Tonga was named the sixth-nearly decadent land in the world by Forbes mag in 2008.[62]

Tonga was ranked the 165th-safest investment destination in the earth in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Gamble rankings.[63]

The manufacturing sector consists of handicrafts and a few other very minor industries, which contribute but about 3% of Gross domestic product. Commercial business activities also are camouflaged, and to a big extent, are dominated past the same large trading companies found throughout the Southward Pacific. In September 1974, the country's first commercial trading depository financial institution, the Banking concern of Tonga, opened.

Tonga's development plans emphasise a growing individual sector, upgrading agronomical productivity, revitalising the squash and vanilla-bean industries, developing tourism, and improving communications and ship. Substantial progress has been made, but much piece of work remains to be washed. A pocket-sized, growing construction sector is developing in response to the inflow of aid money and remittances from Tongans abroad. In recognition of such a crucial contribution, the authorities has created a new department in the Prime number Minister's Office with the purpose of catering for the needs of Tongans living away. In 2007, the Tongan Parliament amended citizenship laws to allow Tongans to hold dual citizenship.[64]

The tourist industry is relatively undeveloped. The government recognises that tourism can play a major role in economic development, and efforts are being made to increase this source of acquirement. Cruise ships often finish in Vavaʻu, with a reputation for its whale watching, game line-fishing, surfing, beaches, and is increasingly becoming a major player in the S Pacific tourism market.[65]

Tonga'southward postage stamps, featuring colourful and oft unusual designs (including centre-shaped and assistant-shaped stamps), are popular with philatelists.[66]

In 2005, the state became eligible to go a member of the World Trade Organization. After an initial voluntary delay, Tonga became a full member of the WTO on 27 July 2007.

The Tonga Chamber of Commerce and Industry, incorporated in 1996, endeavours to represent the interests of its members, private sector businesses, and to promote economic growth in the Kingdom.

Tonga is home to some 106,000 people. More double that number live overseas, mainly in the US, New Zealand, and Commonwealth of australia. Remittances from the overseas population have been declining since the onset of the 2008 global economic crisis. The tourism industry is improving, but remains pocket-sized at under xc,000 tourists per year.[67]

Agriculture [edit]

In Tonga, agriculture and forestry (together with fisheries) provide the bulk of employment, foreign commutation earnings, and food.[68] [69] Rural Tongans rely on both plantation and subsistence agronomics. Plants grown for both market cash crops and home employ include bananas, coconuts, coffee beans, vanilla beans, and root crops such as cassava, sweet potato, and taro. As of 2001[update], 2-thirds of agricultural country was in root crops.[68]

The processing of coconuts into copra and desiccated (dried) coconut was once the only meaning industry, and just commercial export. Deteriorating prices on the world market and lack of replanting brought this once vibrant industry, as in most island nations of the South Pacific, to a consummate standstill.

Swine and poultry are the major types of livestock. Horses are kept for draft purposes, primarily past farmers working their ʻapi ʻuta (a plot of bushland). More cattle are existence raised, and beefiness imports are declining.[64]

The traditional feudal state buying system meant that farmers had no incentive to invest in planting long-term tree crops on land they did not own. In the tardily 20th century, kava and vanilla from larger plantations became the main agricultural exports, together with squash.[68] The consign of squash to Japan, first in 1987, once brought relief to Tonga's struggling economic system, merely local farmers became increasingly wary of the Japanese market place due to price fluctuations, and the huge financial risks involved.[64] [70]

Energy [edit]

Energy in Tonga mostly comes from imported diesel.[71] Energy consumption in Tonga is projected to reach around 66 gigawatt hours past 2020.[72] The state aimed to attain l% of renewable energy past 2020.[72] In 2019, Tonga announced the construction of a half dozen-megawatt solar farm on Tongatapu.[73] The plant will exist the second-largest solar plant in the Pacific upon completion.[73]

In view of the decreasing reliability of fossil-fuel electricity generation, its increasing costs, and negative environmental side furnishings, renewable free energy solutions take attracted the government'south attention. Together with IRENA, Tonga has planned a renewable energy based strategy to ability the principal and outer islands. The strategy focuses on solar domicile systems that turn private households into small ability plants. Information technology calls for the involvement of local operators, finance institutions, and technicians to provide sustainable concern models and strategies to ensure the effective operation, management, and maintenance once the systems are installed.[74]

The Pacific Heart for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency was established in Tonga in 2016 to advise the individual sector on related policy matters, provide capacity development and promote business investment.[75] The centre facilitates a financial machinery offering competitive grants for commencement-ups to spur the adoption of renewable energy past the business sector. The centre is role of the Global Network of Regional Sustainable Energy Centres and SIDS DOCK framework designed to attract international investment in the renewable energy sector.

With the assistance of IRENA, Tonga has developed the 2010–2020 Tonga Free energy Road Map, which aims for a 50% reduction of diesel fuel importation. This was to be accomplished through a range of advisable renewable technologies, including wind and solar, as well as innovative efficiencies.[76] Equally of 2018, Tonga was generating x% of its electricity from renewable sources.[77]

Demographics [edit]

Tonga's population (1961–2003) in thousands

Over 70% of the 103,197[12] [13] inhabitants live on its main island, Tongatapu. Although an increasing number of Tongans have moved into the only urban and commercial eye, Nukuʻalofa, where European and indigenous cultural and living patterns have blended, village life and kinship ties remain influential throughout the country. Despite emigration, Tonga grew in population from about 32,000 in the 1930s to more than 90,000 past 1976.[78]

Ethnic groups [edit]

Indigenous groups in Tonga
Ethnic groups percent
Tongan 97.03%
Function Tongan 0.79%
Chinese 0.73%
Fijian 0.3%
European 0.25%
Indo-Fijian 0.12%
Other Pacific Islander 0.2%
Other Asian 0.19%
Other 0.37%
Not stated 0.03%

According to the government portal, Tongans, Polynesian by ethnicity with a mixture of Melanesian, correspond more than 98% of the inhabitants. About 1.v% are mixed Tongans and the residuum are European (the bulk are British), mixed European, and other Pacific Islanders. In 2001, well-nigh 3,000 to 4,000 Chinese lived there, comprising 3 to four% of the full Tongan population.[79] The 2006 Nukuʻalofa riots mainly targeted Chinese-endemic businesses, leading to the emigration of several hundred Chinese[80] and so that only about 300 remain.[81]

Languages [edit]

Tongan is the official language, along with English. A Polynesian language, information technology is closely related to Wallisian (Uvean), Niuean, and Hawai'ian.

Religion [edit]

Tonga does not take an official state religion.[82] The Constitution of Tonga (Revised 1998) provides for liberty of organized religion.[83]

In 1928, Queen Salote Tupou III, who was a member of the Complimentary Wesleyan Church of Tonga, established the Complimentary Wesleyan Church building as the state religion of Tonga. The primary pastor of the Gratis Wesleyan Church serves as the representative of the people of Tonga and of the church at the coronation of a king or queen of Tonga, where he anoints and crowns the monarch. In opposition to the institution of the Free Wesleyan Church as a state religion, the Church building of Tonga separated from the Complimentary Wesleyan Church building in 1928.

Islam in Tonga is a small minority organized religion in the country. Muslims in Tonga belong to Sunni denomination. Al-Khadeejah Mosque is a prominent mosque in Tonga.

Everyday life is heavily influenced by Polynesian traditions and by the Christian faith; for example, all commerce and entertainment activities cease on Dominicus, from the beginning of the solar day at midnight, to the end of the day at midnight. The constitution declares the Sabbath sacred forever. The official figures from the latest government census as of 2011[update] show that xc% of the population are affiliated with a Christian church or sect, with the iv major church affiliations in the kingdom:[84]

  • Gratis Wesleyan Church of Tonga (36,592 or 36%)
  • The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-twenty-four hours Saints (xviii,554 or 18%)
  • Roman Catholics (15,441 or 15%)
  • Free Church of Tonga (eleven,863 or 12%)

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints sent missionaries in 1891 to visit Male monarch Siaosi (George) Tupo, where they obtained permission to preach.

Wellness [edit]

Past some published surveys, Tonga has one of the highest obesity rates in the world.[85] Globe Health Organisation information published in 2014 point that Tonga stands fourth overall in terms of countries listed by hateful body mass index data. In 2011, ninety% of the adult population were considered overweight using NIH estimation of body mass index (BMI) data, with more than 60% of those obese.[86] 70% of Tongan females aged fifteen–85 are obese. Tonga and Republic of nauru have the earth'due south highest overweight and obese populations.[87]

In late October 2021, Tonga reported its first case of COVID-19 based on a New Zealand air passenger'south positive test.[88]

Education [edit]

Primary didactics between ages half-dozen and 14 is compulsory and gratuitous in state schools. Mission schools provide about viii% of the primary and xc% of the secondary level of education. State schools make upwards for the rest. Higher education includes teacher grooming, nursing, and medical preparation, a modest individual academy, a woman'southward business college, and a number of private agricultural schools. Most levels of higher pedagogy are pursued overseas.

Tongans savor a relatively high level of didactics, with a 98.nine% literacy rate,[89] and higher education up to and including medical and graduate degrees (pursued mostly overseas). They concur the trunk of bookish cognition created by their scholars in high esteem and the Kukū Kaunaka Collection, which comprises every doctoral and chief'southward dissertation written by any Tongan in any country is archived past Seu'ula Johansson-Fua at the Institute for Education in Tonga.[xc]

Emigration [edit]

Contemporary Tongans often take strong ties to overseas lands. Many Tongans accept emigrated to Australia, New Zealand, or the The states to seek employment and a college standard of living.

In 2018, 82,389 Tongans lived in New Zealand.[91] [92] The United states is the preferred destination for many Tongan emigrants, and equally of 2000, 36,840 Tongans were living in the Us.[93] More than 8,000 Tongans live in Australia.[94] The Tongan diaspora retains shut ties to relatives at home,[ citation needed ] and a significant portion of Tonga's income derives from remittances[95] [96] to family members (frequently aged) who prefer to remain in Tonga.

Civilisation [edit]

Humans have lived in Tonga for nearly 3,000 years since settlement in late Lapita times. Before the arrival of European explorers in the belatedly 17th and early 18th centuries, Tongans had frequent contacts with their nearest Oceanic neighbours, Fiji and Niue. In the 19th century, with the arrival of Western traders and missionaries, Tongan culture changed, peculiarly in religion. As of 2013[update], virtually 98% of residents profess Christianity. The people discarded some old behavior and habits and adopted others.

Sport [edit]

Rugby union [edit]

Rugby union is the national sport,[97] and the national team (Ê»Ikale Tahi, or Sea Eagles) has performed quite well on the international stage. Tonga has competed in vi Rugby Earth Cups since 1987. The 2007 and 2011 Rugby World Cups were Tonga'due south near successful to appointment, both winning two out of four matches and in a running chance for the quarterfinals. In the 2007 Rugby World Cup, Tonga won its first two matches, confronting the United states of america 25–15, and Samoa 19–15. They came very close to upsetting the eventual winners of the 2007 tournament, the South African Springboks, losing 30–25. A defeat past England, 36–xx in their last puddle game ended their hopes of making the knockout stages. Yet, by picking up 3rd place in their pool games behind Due south Africa and England, Tonga earned automatic qualification for the 2011 Rugby World Loving cup in New Zealand. In Puddle A of the 2011 Rugby World Cup, Tonga beat both Nihon 31–xviii and fifth ranked[98] eventual finalist France xix–14 in the latter pool stages. However, a previous heavy defeat by the All Blacks at the tournament's opener (41–10) and a subsequent tight defeat by Canada (25–20) meant that Tonga lost out to France (who as well lost to NZ) for the quarter finals due to 2 bonus points and a points departure of 46.

Tonga's all-time effect before 2007 came in 1995, when they beat CÃŽte d'Ivoire 29–eleven, and 1999 when they crush Italy 28–25 (although with only 14 men they lost heavily to England, 101–10). Tonga perform the Ikale Tahi war dance or Sipi Tau (a course of Kailao) before all their matches. Tonga used to compete in the Pacific Tri-Nations confronting Samoa and Fiji, which has now been replaced by the World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup, which at present involves Nippon, Canada, and the United States. At order level, there are the Datec Cup Provincial Title and the Pacific Rugby Cup. Rugby union is governed past the Tonga Rugby Football Union, which was a member of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance and contributed to the Pacific Islanders rugby union team, before they were disbanded in 2009.

Many players of Tongan descent – e.yard., Jonah Lomu, Israel Folau, Viliami "William" Ê»Ofahengaue, Malakai Fekitoa, Ben Afeaki, Charles Piutau, Frank Halai, Sekope Kepu, George Smith, Wycliff Palu, Sitaleki Timani, Salesi Ma'afu, Anthony and Saia Faingaa, Mark Gerrard, Cooper Vuna, Doug Howlett, Toutai Kefu and Tatafu Polota-Nau – accept played for either the All Blacks or the Wallabies. British and Irish Panthera leo and Welsh international actor Taulupe "Toby" Faletau is Tongan born and the son of Tongan international Kuli Faletau. Taulupe's cousins and England international players Billy and Mako Vunipola (who is also a British and Irish Lion), are sons of old Tonga rugby helm Iron'ao Vunipola. Rugby is popular among the nation'southward schools, and students from schools such as Tonga College and Tupou College are regularly offered scholarships in New Zealand, Australia and Nippon.

Rugby league [edit]

Rugby league has gained some success. Tonga fabricated their showtime appearance at a Rugby League World Cup in the 1995 edition where they went out in the first stage but narrowly lost to New Zealand. They have since appeared in each subsequent Rugby League Earth Cup tournament. In the 2008 Rugby League World Cup Tonga recorded wins against Republic of ireland and Scotland. Just before the 2017 World Loving cup, various high-profile players, led past Jason Taumalolo and Andrew Fifita, defected from their tier one nations to represent their nation of heritage. This led to them defeating New Zealand in Hamilton at Waikato Stadium on xi November at that tournament. The national team has since also recorded victories confronting Great Britain and the world number one Australia. In improver to the success of the national team, many players of Tongan descent make it large in the Australian National Rugby League contest. These include Jason Taumalolo, Israel Folau, Tyson Frizell, Tevita Pangai Junior, Konrad Hurrell, David Fusitua, Tuimoala Lolohea, Sio Siua Taukeiaho, Jorge Taufua, William Hopoate, Andrew Fifita, Ben Murdoch-Masila, Felise Kaufusi, Willie Stonemason, Manu Vatuvei, Brent Kite, Willie Tonga, Anthony Tupou, Antonio Kaufusi, Michael Jennings, Tony Williams, Feleti Mateo. Afterward, some Tongan rugby league players accept established successful careers in the Super League such as Antonio Kaufusi.[99]

Olympics [edit]

Bated from rugby, Tonga has also produced athletes who have competed at both the Summer and Winter Olympics. Tonga's but Olympic medal came from the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, where Paea Wolfgramm won silver in super heavyweight boxing. One athlete attended the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South korea.

American football [edit]

Several Tongans accept been football players in the National Football League, including Tuineau Alipate, Spencer Folau, Lakei Heimuli, Steve Kaufusi, Ma'ake Kemoeatu, Deuce Lutui, Siupeli Malamala, Tim Manoa, Stan Mataele, Vili Maumau, Alfred Pupunu, Vai Sikahema, Star Lotulelei, Vita Vea, and Peter Tuipulotu.[100]

Media [edit]

  • Matangi Tonga – online newspaper
  • Taimi o Tonga (Times of Tonga) – controversial newspaper
  • KeleÊ»a – newspaper
  • Talaki – newspaper
  • Kalonikali – newspaper
  • TauÊ»ataina – newspaper
  • Kakalu – newspaper
  • Tonga Broadcasting Commission (Telly Tonga, Television Tonga ii, Radio Tonga 1, Radio Tonga 2 – Kool 90FM, 103FM)

Encounter also [edit]

  • Outline of Tonga
  • List of islands and towns in Tonga

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Further reading [edit]

Ethnography, civilisation, and history [edit]

  • On the Edge of the Global: Modern Anxieties in a Pacific Island Nation (2011) by Niko Besnier. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-7406-2
  • Islanders of the South: Production, Kinship and Ideology in the Polynesian Kingdom of Tonga (1993) by Paul van der Grijp. Leiden: KITLV Printing. ISBN 90 6718 058 0
  • Identity and Development: Tongan Civilisation, Agriculture, and the Perenniality of the Souvenir (2004) past Paul van der Grijp. Leiden: KITLV Press. ISBN xc 6718 215 X
  • Manifestations of Mana: Political Ability and Divine Inspiration in Polynesia (2014) by Paul van der Grijp. Vienna and Berlin: LIT Verlag. ISBN 978-3-643-90496-6
  • Becoming Tongan: An Ethnography of Babyhood by Helen Morton
  • Queen Salote of Tonga: The Story of an Era, 1900–65 by Elizabeth Woods-Ellem
  • Tradition Versus Republic in the South Pacific: Fiji, Tonga and Western Samoa by Stephanie Lawson
  • Voyages: From Tongan Villages to American Suburbs Cathy A. Modest
  • Friendly Islands: A History of Tonga (1977). Noel Rutherford. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-550519-0
  • Tonga and the Tongans: Heritage and Identity (2007) Elizabeth Wood-Ellem. Alphington, Vic.: Tonga Research Association, ISBN 978-0-646-47466-three
  • Early on Tonga: As the Explorers Saw information technology 1616–1810. (1987). Edwin North Ferdon. Tucson: University of Arizona Press; ISBN 0-8165-1026-1
  • The Art of Tonga (Ko e ngaahi'aati'o Tonga) by Keith St Cartmail. (1997) Honolulu : University of Hawai`i Press. ISBN 0-8248-1972-1
  • The Tonga Book by Paul. W. Dale
  • Tonga by James Siers

Wild fauna and surround [edit]

  • Birds of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa by Dick Watling
  • A Guide to the Birds of Republic of the fiji islands and Western Polynesia: Including American Samoa, Niue, Samoa, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu and Wallis and futuna by Dick Watling
  • Guide to the Birds of the Kingdom of Tonga by Dick Watling

Travel guides [edit]

  • Alone Planet Guide: Samoan Islands and Tonga by Susannah Farfor and Paul Smitz
  • Moon Travel Guide: Samoa-Tonga by David Stanley

Bibliography [edit]

  • Martin Daly (2009). Tonga: A New Bibliography. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN978-0-8248-3196-vii. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 18 Oct 2015.

Fiction [edit]

  • Brian Grand. Crawford (2009). Toki: A Historical Novel. Brian K. Crawford. ISBN978-0-557-03434-five. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2018.

External links [edit]

  • Tonga. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  • Tonga from UCB Libraries GovPubs
  • Tonga at Curlie
  • Wikimedia Atlas of Tonga

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga

Posted by: reeseacceent.blogspot.com

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